The prospect of Republican control of at least one chamber of Congress has triggered speculation about the remainder of President Barack Obama’s term in the White House, Repub-lican bids for the presidency in 2012 — and the very course of the nation.
The issues that preoccupy Jewish voters and groups have a narrower cast. Never-theless, the likelihood of a GOP-controlled House of Representatives, along with the more remote possibility of a Republican Senate, could mean sharp turns in foreign policy and domestic spending. Here’s a look at the issues.
Israel
The biggest Israel headlines of Obama’s presidency have had to do with the renewed direct talks with the Palestinians and the tensions between the Obama-Netanyahu administrations that preceded them.
Such tensions have informed tight congressional races, where an array of Republican candidates has pledged to stand closer by Israel and painted their opponents as pawns of a president who is cool, if not outright hostile, to Israel.
In reality, the peace talks are not likely to be affected by a switch of congressional leadership. Obama’s opposition to Israel’s settlement policy has been expressed through rhetoric and not any action. In fact, Obama’s main substantive shift has been to increase funding for Israel’s defense as an incentive to make concessions to the Palestinians — a policy a Republican Congress would likely embrace.
If there is a change, it might have more to do with politics. An adversarial Congress could force the White House to tamp down public criticism of Israel ahead of 2012 presidential elections.
One policy a GOP House might influence is the level of funding for the Palestinian Authority begun in the last years of the George W. Bush administration, from occasional spurts of $20 million in the early part of the decade to today’s $500 million annual expenditure, including half in direct funding.
Rep. Eric Cantor (R-Va.), the GOP whip, has suggested that continued funding could be contingent on P.A. recognition of Israel as a Jewish state.
Theoretically, putting a stop on such funding could threaten U.S.-backed programs, especially training for Palestinian security services. In fact, such foreign policy funding confrontations in the past have rarely led to defunding. Instead the executive branch — under Democratic and Republican presidents — has dipped into approved funds to keep programs going while it works out new arrangements with Congress.
Congress also is less likely to defund programs favored by Israel. The Israeli defense establishment, while not as gung-ho as the Obama administration in praising P.A. nation building, nonetheless appreciates the increase in stability in recent years brought about in part by U.S.-led financial backing for the moderate West Bank government of P.A. Prime Minister Salam Fayyad.
Still, even the congressional threat of a cutoff of funds can inhibit growth and investment.
The more substantive possibility for change on Israel is in Cantor’s pledge to remove defense funding for the nation from the overall foreign aid package and place it elsewhere — perhaps in the defense budget.
“Part of the dilemma is that Israel has been put in the overall foreign aid looping,” Cantor said. “I’m hoping we can see some kind of separation in terms of tax dollars going to Israel.” Other Republicans have suggested putting the Israel funding in the defense budget, noting that the majority of money is defense assistance.
In the short run, all this means is that Israel will continue to receive $3 billion in aid annually while the Republicans attempt to gut backing for nations they do not consider reliable allies.
Pro-Israel officials, speaking on background, have said they would work hard to beat back such a proposal because of possible long-term consequences. They see aid for Israel as inextricably bound with the broader interest of countering isolationism.
These officials are concerned, too, that elevating Israel above other nations might be counterproductive in an American electorate still made up of diverse ethnic groups. They also believe that such a designation would make Israel more beholden to U.S. policy and erode its independence.
Iran
Republicans have sharply criticized Obama’s outreach to Iran and said he was too slow to apply sanctions.
Over the summer, however, the president dialed back the outreach to the Islamic Republic and signed a sanctions bill. His Treasury Department already has intensified sanctions, particularly against Iran’s financial sector. U.S. and Israeli officials say Iran is feeling the bite.
The principal U.S.-Israel difference remains timing, or what to do when: When does Iran get the bomb — and what happens then?
Cantor, in his interview, emphasized that Obama must make it clear that a military option is on the table.
Congress, however, cannot declare war by itself, and while a flurry of resolutions and amendments pressing for greater confrontation with Iran may be in the offing, they will not affect policy — except perhaps to sharpen Obama’s rhetoric ahead of 2012.
Social issues: abortion, church and state
The two Supreme Court justices who were waiting for a Democrat in the White House so they could retire — David Souter and John Paul Stevens — have done so. Liberal-leaning Sonia Sotomayor and Elena Kagan replaced them following smooth confirmation processes.
No other such resignations are imminent. However, Ruth Bader Ginsburg, who also tilts liberal in her decisions, is 77 and has battled cancer; Antonin Scalia, a reliable conservative, is 74, as is Anthony Kennedy, the court’s right-tilting swing vote.
If one of them retires, don’t expect the smooth transitions that characterized Obama’s first two appointments. Republicans may not control the Senate, but they will likely have a stronger filibuster in January.
Republicans now control 41 seats — one more than is needed to keep a nomination from advancing to a full vote. After Nov. 2, more among their numbers are likely to be diehard conservatives and less likely to cross the floor to break a filibuster.
Earmarks
The House’s GOP caucus imposed a yearlong moratorium on its own earmarks last March. An extension is likely, Cantor said, and a GOP majority will be able to enforce a moratorium on Democrats.
That prospect concerns federations and Jewish groups that care for the elderly and infirm. Earmarks, or “pork,” are the funds lawmakers attach to bills to help their own districts. Such funds have helped spur forward the Jewish Federations of North America crown project for the elderly, Naturally Occurring Retirement Communities.
Medicare, Medicaid and health care
No matter who wins next week, both parties have pledged cuts to entitlements such as Medicare, which funds medical assistance for the elderly, and Medicaid, which provides medical care for the poor. Jewish groups draw on both programs for the elderly and the poor.
Targeting entitlements misses the point, say Jewish professionals whose expertise is elderly care. They say the real savings come from addressing burgeoning health care costs overall and not just entitlements.
“Let’s go after health care spending and health care costs and see how we can make the system more effective,” said Rachel Goldberg, the director of aging policy at B’nai B’rith International, the largest Jewish sponsor of senior housing in the United States.
The Republican leader in the House, Rep. John Boehner (R-Ohio), has said he will lead an effort to repeal the Obama health care reforms passed this year by the Democratic Congress. It’s not clear that Boehner has broad party support, and he likely would not be able to override Obama’s veto of such a bill.